WAEC CIVIC EDUCATION

CIVIC EDUCATION
1-10: ACCABBDDCD
11-20: CADCADABCD
21-30: DADADCCADB
31-40: AADDACADBB
41-50: BBCBCCDAAD









(2a)
(CHOOSE ANY THREE)
(i) Legal and Constitutional Basis: The extent to which a constituted authority derives its power from a legal and constitutional framework plays a crucial role in determining its legitimacy. When authority is established through lawful processes, such as elections, appointment procedures, or constitutional provisions, it enhances its legitimacy in the eyes of the society.
(ii) Consent and Support of the Population: Legitimacy is closely tied to the consent and support of the population. When citizens voluntarily recognize and accept the authority's right to govern, it strengthens its legitimacy. Public support can be demonstrated through electoral participation, public opinion polls, or popular demonstrations of support.
(iii) Fair and Transparent Decision-Making: Legitimate authority is expected to make decisions in a fair and transparent manner. When decision-making processes are inclusive, participatory, and open to scrutiny, it enhances the legitimacy of the authority. Transparency helps build trust and ensures that decisions are made in the best interests of the society.
(iv) Accountability and Responsiveness: Legitimate authority is accountable to the population it governs. When constituted authorities are responsive to the needs and concerns of the people, and when mechanisms for holding them accountable exist, it enhances their legitimacy. Public officials who are held responsible for their actions and are transparent about their performance strengthen the legitimacy of the authority.
(v) Respect for Human Rights and Rule of Law: Legitimate authority upholds and protects human rights and operates within the framework of the rule of law. When the constituted authority respects and safeguards individual rights, promotes equality, and ensures justice, it enhances its legitimacy. Conversely, actions that violate human rights or undermine the rule of law erode legitimacy.
(vi) Effective Governance and Service Delivery: The ability of a constituted authority to effectively govern and provide essential services to the population contributes to its legitimacy. When the authority is capable of addressing public needs, such as maintaining security, improving infrastructure, delivering public services, and managing the economy, it strengthens its legitimacy in the eyes of the society.

(2b)
(CHOOSE ANY SIX)
(i) Legitimacy of Authority: When citizens perceive the government and its institutions as legitimate, they are more likely to comply with its directives. Legitimacy can be established through free and fair elections, respect for the rule of law, and transparency in decision-making.
(ii) Effective Governance: A well-functioning government that effectively addresses public needs and provides essential services fosters citizens' obedience. When the government delivers on its promises, such as improving infrastructure, maintaining security, and ensuring basic amenities, people are more likely to comply with its authority.
(iii) Trust in Leadership: Trust plays a crucial role in citizens' willingness to obey authority. When political leaders are perceived as trustworthy, accountable, and acting in the best interests of the people, citizens are more likely to follow their directives.
(iv) Sanctions and Enforcement: The presence of effective and fair enforcement mechanisms, such as a reliable judiciary and law enforcement agencies, can encourage obedience to constituted authority. When citizens observe that violations are appropriately addressed and there are consequences for non-compliance, they are more likely to conform.
(v) Civic Education and Awareness: Educating citizens about their rights, responsibilities, and the importance of obeying constituted authority is vital. Civic education programs that promote understanding of democratic principles, the rule of law, and the benefits of active citizenship can enhance compliance.
(vi) Effective Communication: Clear and effective communication from constituted authorities helps citizens understand the rationale behind certain policies or decisions. When information is accessible, timely, and well-communicated, citizens are more likely to comply willingly.
(vii) Social Norms and Culture: Cultural and societal norms play a role in shaping citizens' obedience to authority. In Nigeria, where communal values and respect for authority are emphasized, citizens may be more inclined to obey constituted authority as a reflection of their cultural values.


(3a)
Inter-communal relationship is a relationship which exists between two or more communities
(3b)
[PICK ANY FOUR]
(i) Promotion of peace and unity:A positive inter-communal relationship will promotes peaceful situations and environment coupled with the abilities of uniting the people (Community members)of both partner communities
(ii) Enhancement of security:it is a duty of a positive inter-communal relationship to enhance and ensure stable and standby security consciousness and stability of their communities.This will help to remove the fear of violence,war of any kind between the communities involved.
(iii) Promotion of political development:A responsible and positive inter-communal relationship promotes political development of different kinds and ensure that concerned communities participate in issue related to political enhancement in their various communities
(iv) Promotion of inter-communal/tribe marriages:A responsible and positive inter-communal relationship will promote communal/tribal marriage by allowing their citizens and community members to marry from their neighbouring communities.This will enhance willingness for the communities to give out the hands of their sons and daughters in marriage with each other or another's communities ' members
(v) Promotion of government programmes and policies:A responsible and positive inter-communal relationship helps government programmes and policies succeed due to the interference of most prominent executive and judicial personnel in the communities interchange-exchange of each other or each other plan and ideas of executing the programmes and policies
(vi) Promotion of economic progress:A responsible and positive inter-communal relationship will enhance peaceful atmosphere and strategies for each other or each other business like inter-marketing strategies,inter-agricultural strategies.


(4a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA)
(ii) Nigeria Police Force (NPF)
(iii) Nigerian Customs Service (NCS)
(iv) Department of State Services (DSS)
(v) Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps


(4b)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Failure to follow medical advice can lead to the progression or worsening of the underlying medical condition.
(ii) Non-adherence can render the prescribed treatment ineffective, leading to inadequate symptom control or disease management.
(iii) Ignoring medical advice can increase the risk of complications and secondary infections. This can prolong the recovery process, worsen symptoms, and even lead to life-threatening situations.
(iv) Non-adherence to preventive measures, such as vaccination or isolation protocols for contagious diseases, can facilitate the spread of infections within the community.
(v) Non-adherence can lead to prolonged illness or the need for more intensive medical interventions, which can result in increased healthcare costs for individuals and society as a whole.
(vi) Inappropriate use or premature discontinuation of antibiotics can contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance.
(vii) When patients consistently disregard medical advice, it can reduce trust in healthcare professionals and the healthcare system overall.
(viii) Non-adherence to public health recommendations, such as social distancing or wearing masks during a pandemic, can undermine efforts to control the spread of diseases.

(6a)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i)Violence and Criminal Activities: Cultism often involves the use of violence, intimidation, and criminal activities such as robbery, kidnapping, drug trafficking, and extortion.
(ii)Loss of Lives and Property: Cult clashes and rivalries can result in frequent clashes between different cult groups, leading to loss of lives and destruction of property.
(iii)Breakdown of Law and Order: Cultism undermines the rule of law by creating a parallel system of authority and justice.
(iv)Social Instability: Cult activities can disrupt social harmony and stability within communities.
(v)Cult Recruitment and Exploitation: Cults often employ deceptive tactics to recruit vulnerable individuals, particularly young people.
(vi)Erosion of Ethical Values: Cults often promote ideologies that contradict societal norms and ethical values.
(vii)Academic Disruption: Cultism frequently infiltrates educational institutions, leading to the disruption of academic activities.

(6b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i)High levels of poverty, unemployment, and inequality create an environment where vulnerable individuals are more likely to be recruited into cults.
(ii)Inadequate resources, corruption, and a lack of proper training and coordination among law enforcement agencies can hamper their ability to effectively combat cult activities.
(iii)One significant hindrance to eradicating cultism in Nigeria is the lack of effective law enforcement.
(iv)Limited public awareness and understanding of the dangers and consequences of cultism can hinder eradication efforts.
(v)Cults employ sophisticated techniques of manipulation and indoctrination to control their members' thoughts, beliefs, and actions

(7)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Policy Development and Implementation: Public servants play a crucial role in developing policies and strategies to address societal issues and achieve national goals. They research, analyze, and make recommendations to policymakers, and then implement approved policies, monitoring their progress and making adjustments as needed.
(ii) Service Delivery: Public servants are responsible for delivering public services to citizens. This includes providing healthcare, education, transportation, infrastructure development, social welfare programs, and more. They work to ensure these services are accessible, efficient, and of high quality.
(iii) Regulation and Compliance: Public servants enforce regulations and ensure compliance with laws and standards. They oversee sectors such as finance, commerce, health, and the environment, developing and implementing regulations, conducting inspections, and taking enforcement actions when necessary.
(iv) Budgeting and Financial Management: Public servants are involved in the formulation and execution of government budgets. They prepare budget proposals, allocate funds to different sectors, monitor expenditures, and ensure financial accountability and transparency.
(v) Human Resource Management: Public servants are responsible for managing the government's workforce. They recruit, hire, train, and evaluate employees, promote merit-based appointments, and develop policies for staff welfare, performance management, and career advancement.
(vi) Public Engagement and Communication: Public servants engage with the public, communicating government policies, programs, and initiatives. They facilitate citizen participation, gather feedback, address concerns, and promote transparency and accountability.
(vii) Diplomacy and International Relations: Public servants represent Nigeria in diplomatic and international affairs. They participate in negotiations, promote trade and economic cooperation, manage consular services, and work towards regional and global partnerships.
(viii) Research and Development: Public servants conduct research and analysis to inform policymaking and improve service delivery. They generate data, evaluate existing programs, identify emerging trends, and propose innovative solutions to address societal challenges.
(ix) Crisis and Disaster Management: Public servants play a vital role in managing crises and disasters. They develop contingency plans, coordinate emergency response efforts, provide relief and support to affected communities, and facilitate recovery and reconstruction.
(x) Monitoring and Evaluation: Public servants monitor and evaluate the performance and impact of government programs and policies. They assess their effectiveness, efficiency, and outcomes, and make recommendations for improvement.